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Highland English or Highland and Island English〔Trudgill, Peter (1984). ''Language in the British Isles''. Cambridge University Press. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-521-28409-7〕 is the variety of Scottish English spoken by many in the Scottish Highlands and the Hebrides. It is more strongly influenced by Gaelic than other forms of Scottish English. ==Phonology== * The more distinctive varieties of Highland English show the influence of Gaelic most clearly in pronunciation, but also in grammar. For example, voiceless stops are realised with preaspiration, that is as , and or , whereas voiced consonants tend to be de-voiced. Examples; that "whatever" becomes pronounced as "whateffer" and the English "j" as in "just" sound is often turned into a "tch" sound e.g. "chust". English may be realised as , giving "chisas" ("Jesus").〔McArthur, Tom (1998). ''The English Languages''. Cambridge University Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-521-48582-1〕 Some speakers insert a "sh" sound in English "rst" clusters, so that Eng. "first" gives "firsht". Lack of tolerance of English may mean its realisation as , as in ("Swansea"). *Similarly, the ''svarabhakti'' ("helping vowel") that is used in some consonant combinations in Gaelic and Scots is sometimes used, so that "film" may be pronounced "fillum".〔Filppula, Markku et al. (2008). ''English and Celtic in Contact''. Routledge. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-415-26602-4〕 * Many older speakers employ a very distinctive affirmative or backchannel item taken from Scottish Gaelic which involves an ingress of breath〔(Robert Eklund (2008) ): Pulmonic ingressive phonation: Diachronic and synchronic characteristics, distribution and function in animal and human sound production and in human speech, ''Journal of the International Phonetic Association'', vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 235–324.〕 with clearly audible friction and whose function to indicate agreement with what a speaker has just said or is saying or to indicate continuing agreement or comprehension. This phenomenon has been termed by some "the Gaelic Gasp".〔(The Gaelic Gasp * and its North Atlantic Cousins ), Eleanor Josette Thom, A study of Ingressive Pulmonic Speech in Scotland. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the MA in Linguistics, University College London. September 2005〕 This linguistic feature is not found in the other Gaelic languages (Irish and Manx), but is present in some Scandinavian languages.〔Trudgill, Peter (1984). ''Language in the British Isles''. Cambridge University Press. p. 321. ISBN 978-0-521-28409-7〕 (Similarly, in France people often whisper the word "oui" while inhaling.) *Lack of the wine–whine merger. *''H''-dropping, not generally found in Scots or Scottish English dialects, has been reported to be a standard speech feature in the Black Isle, near Inverness.〔Wells, John Christopher (1982). ''Accents of English 2 : The British Isles'' Cambridge University Press. p. 412. ISBN 978-0-521-28540-7〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Highland English」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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